The Communist Manifesto

Author: Karl Marx

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The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte

Karl Marx

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte is a work written between December 1851 and March 1852, published in the journal «Die Revolution», founded by Joseph Weydemeyer, a friend of Marx, and published in German in New York.

In this work Marx tries to expose how the coup d'état of December 2, 1851 in Paris, given by Louis Bonaparte, was propitiated as a result of the class conflict and the material conditions that each of them defended.

The text begins with Marx's famous phrase "…great historic facts… recur twice… once as tragedy, and again as farce", thus parodying the coup given by Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as an inferior imitation of the real Eighteenth Brumaire: the coup given on November 9, 1799 (18th Brumaire of the year VIII, according to the republican calendar) by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Theses on Feuerbach

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The Theses on Feuerbach are eleven short philosophical notes written in 1845. They summarize a critique of the ideas of the young post-Hegelian philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach. However, this text is usually considered more broadly, since it criticizes the contemplative materialism of the young Hegelians in all forms of philosophical idealism.

The theses would come to explicitly underline the role that praxis, action, was to play according to the Marxist worldview. In doing so, Marx intended to make the break with Hegel that the idealists -among them Feuerbach- had failed to achieve. These idealists would make, according to Marx's critique, a powerful but too abstract philosophy.